Essential (primary) hypertension is a common medical condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure in the arteries, where no specific medical cause can be found to explain the condition. It accounts for the vast majority of hypertension cases. Over time, if left unmanaged, it can lead to severe health complications, including heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and vision loss. Diagnosis typically involves multiple blood pressure readings showing systolic pressure consistently at or above 130 mm Hg or diastolic pressure at or above 80 mm Hg, according to recent guidelines. Management focuses on lifestyle modifications and pharmacological interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk.